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Apj Abdul Kalam biography

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Teknidh susri: The People’s College of rocket science and technology

Apj Abdul Kalam

Early Life

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on October 15, 1931 in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. So Apj Abdul Kalam grew up in a modest family. But was brought up with strong values and discipline. His father owned a boat, and the family led a modest life.

During his childhood, Kalam was the curious. When He worked as a paperboy to put himself through school and was known for his concentration and work ethic.

Education

For his education, he attended Schwartz Higher Secondary School. Later he attended St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli. Where he studied physics and then he attended the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT). There he studied aerospace engineering.

At M.I.T., his brilliance lay in engineering design. His last assignment — a hovercraft — caught the eye of his professors who would eventually launch him into defense and space technology.

It was education that defined the future for Kalam. Never he sacrificed learning, even when times were hard. His academic sojourn is a testimony of vigour and determination to succeed.

So Kalam’s common mans life is a life of willpower and determined struggle that can overcome all obstacles. As motivation, He would use adversity. This attitude would later serve as a guide to his work in science and national development.

Career through Contribution to Science

In 1958, Kalam’s career started after graduating from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Early in his career, he designed a small hovercraft, but he found the scope limited.

This vehicle launched Rohini satellite into its orbit in 1980 and made India an space-faring nation. Under Kalam’s leadership, India’s space capabilities were augmented. So he was more than an engineer; he was a dreamer with faith in the indigenous development. Back at DRDO, Kalam took up missile development for an integrated guided missile programme and initiated a number of missile projects. Including Project Devil, and Project Valiant, leading to the Polaris and Prithvi missiles.

Missile Project

His missile projects led to the creation of the Agni and Prithvi missiles. Then won him his nickname: “Missile Man of India”. His importance increased on account of involvement in the 1998 Pokhran-II nuclear tests. But Kalam was a scientist who understood defense strategy and implications for national policy. Here Kalam had faith in technology used to build self-reliance.

So he was a key player in building India’s defense and space infrastructure, and pushed for local innovation. His legacy wasn’t simply in rockets or missiles but in offering India a lever to stand on its own feet. He was a scientist and a patriot, having the kind of deep technical skills along with nationalistic ardor that we are looking for in our own time.

The Missile Man of India: DRDO and ISRO Years

Apj Abdul Kalam

At DRDO and ISRO, Kalam had projects in his hands which could mould the future of technology for India.

He was part of ISRO since 1969 when he was the project director of SLV-III, India’s first experimental satellite launch vehicle. It was his stewardship, when India’s first satellite was launched with great success in 1980. This brought India into an exclusive club of space powers.

Kalam also supervised projects such as Project Devil and Project Valiant, which were the precursors to India’s missile programmes. Despite the failures and lack of resources, he advocated that innovation take hold.

Return to DRDO

Kalam again returned to DRDO in 1980 to undertake an accelerated effort to cause IGMDP to leapfrog a generation of development, with a number of other projects as independent programs under his leadership. For this ambitious project, five types of missile systems were planned: Prithvi (surface-to-surface), Agni (ballistic), Trishul (low-level), Akash (medium-range) and Nag (anti-tank).

Despite sanctions, Kalam and his team developed these technologies domestically. He focused on teamwork and engaging youth. Thousands of young engineers gained valuable, hands-on experience, setting the future trajectory of India’s tech work force.

Success

Part of the success of Kalam’s formulation was its adherence to scientific rigor as well as project management practices. He maintained low costs and high morale by engaging staff in problem-solving rather than making top-down decisions.

He wasn’t merely an administrator of programs — he was also a mentor of future scientists. His faith in the power of young people and of collaboration became another key element in his leadership.

Kalam’s role was an exceptional master strategist in developing India’s missile and nuclear weapon programs, and he guided emergency during the presidency to hold and keep very much India together in a very difficult time. His work established the groundwork for self-reliance in sensitive defence technologies.

Apj Abdul Kalam- Presidency and Vision for India

Dr. Kalam served as the 11th President of India, from 2002. Although not a politician, his status as a scientist and patriot made him a popular choice.

His administration was characterized by plainness, honesty and accessibility. He frequently interacted with students and was known as “People’s President.”

Kalam leveraged his popularity to propel “Vision 2020,” a clear blueprint to turn India into a developed nation. He was a proponent of fusing technology, education, and good governance to drive growth.

Apj Abdul Kalam policy focus included:

  • Developing the Rural through PURA provisions
  • Education reforms
  • Energy independence through renewable energy
  • Monetization of space and defense

Kalam viewed India’s youth as agents of change. He made frequent visits to schools, colleges and universities and gave talks that inspired students to consider life beyond the classroom.

He thought leadership should be servile, and somewhat humble. He gave away a large part of his salary during the time he was serving as president, to charities and trusts.

Though he left office in 2007, he continued in the public eye as an advocate of India’s advancement. He chose not to seek a second term, insisting he wanted to resume teaching and public engagement.

As president,Kalam brought science to service. He brought a new and inspiring look to the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Books and Inspirational Work

Kalam was a prolific writer. His textbooks are still inspiring the students, teachers and practitioners.

Notable titles include:
  • Wings of Fire (autobiography)
  • Ignited Minds
  • India 2020
  • My Journey
  • Turning Points

Wings of Fire covers his early life, scientific career, and personal philosophy.In India, It is one of the most read autobiography. India 2020 had provided developmental roadmap and asked India to become self-reliant. Ignited Minds was concerned about upliftment of youth.

His writing style was simple yet powerful. So he used real stories and practical ideas to connect with readers of all ages.

In poetry, Kalam also wrote in both English and Tamil. Here he believed poetry and science were not opposites but complementary forces.

His speeches

Beyond writing, he delivered thousands of lectures and participated in interactive sessions with students. His speeches often emphasized:

  • Dreaming big
  • Facing failure with courage
  • Importance of moral values
  • Scientific temper and innovation

Frequently he would say, ‘Dream, dream, dream. The future belongs to dreamers and dreams are turned into thoughts, and thoughts into action.

Realted to works, Kalam’s are now part of school curriculums. His life and message continue to influence the minds of future generations.

Apj Abdul Kalam Legacy and Impact on India

Both Kalam’s legacy is technological and moral. Behind system, he left values, and a mindset that continue to influence India.

In defense and space, his work helped India reduce reliance on foreign technology. His leadership ensured continuity in strategic programs that still benefit the country.

As an educator, his outreach touched millions. His constant engagement with students and his belief in youth empowerment made him a role model.

Honour awards name as Apj Abdul Kalam 

In politics, he changed how citizens view the presidency. Here he centered it more around people and young people. Still he is an icon of integrity, humility, and sheer persistence. Facilities such as the DRDO Missile Complex were renamed in his honour. There are now many scholarships, fellowships and awards named after him. October 15, his date of birth, is observed as World Students’ Day in his memory, in honour of his great love for teaching.In 2015, He died and tributes for him came from across the globe.

After his death in 2015, tributes poured in from around the world. Leaders across the spectrum acknowledged his contributions.

So he proved that a scientist could also be a statesman. His legacy cuts across age groups, professions, and ideologies.

Apj Abdul Kalam Honors and Awards

Dr. Kalam received numerous awards during his lifetime.

Major awards include:
  • Bharat Ratna (India’s highest civilian award)
  • Padma Bhushan
  • Padma Vibhushan
  • Veer Savarkar Award
  • King Charles II Medal (UK)

Honorary he held doctorates from over 40 universities worldwide.International institutions praised him for promoting peace and scientific development.His honors weren’t limited to his technical work—many recognized his moral leadership and service.

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Autobiography of Srinivasa Ramanujan

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Srinivasa Ramanujan: The Genius Mathematician

Srinivas Ramanujan

Srinivas Ramanujan early life

Srinivasa Ramanujan, a great mathematician who raised India’s fame to the heights of world mathematics. Greatly he has immense intelligence. Born on December 22, 1887, in a poor family in Erode, North Arcot district of Tamil Nadu. People recognized Ramanujan as an extraordinary boy in mathematics at the age of twelve.

At the age of about five, Ramanujan joined the primary school in Kumbakonam. But attended several primary schools before joining the Town High School in January 1898. At Town High School, Ramanujan excelled in all his school subjects .Continuously he showed himself to be a capable scholar.

Srinivas Ramanujan Education

In 1900 he began to work on his own in mathematics, summing up geometric and arithmetic series. In 1902 someone showed Ramanujan how to solve cubic equations. Therefore he found his method for solving the quartic.

Ramanujan could easily solve many problems of ‘Euler’s’ principles and trigonometry.It contained about 6165 theorems on topics like algebra and analytical geometry. The proofs of these were difficult. Ramanujan used to find solutions to these theorems and principles that even the great professors could not understand without turning to any books.

He did not know that many of the problems had already been proven, so he solved them with his own method. In 1903, he got a scholarship to the University of Madras.

Fearing that his son would go mad because of his calculations, Ramanujan’s father married him off. To make ends meet, Ramanujan joined a clerk’s office on a salary of 25 rupees. 

Srinivas Ramanujan failed

Srinivas Ramanujan

The following year, he did not know that radicals could not solve the quintic. Again he attempted to solve the quintic but failed. At Town High School, Ramanujan found a mathematics book by G. S. Carr. After that he discovered that the author called the book Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure Mathematics.

This book, with its very concise style, enabled Ramanujan to teach himself mathematics. Here the style of the book had an unfortunate effect on the way Ramanujan later wrote mathematics. Provokly it provided him with the only model for mathematical arguments. Abroughtly the book contains theorems, formulas, and short proofs.

Srinivas Ramanuja pure mathematics

It also contains an index to papers on pure mathematics. So European journals published these papers of learned societies in the first half of the 19th century. In this published in 1886, Ramanujan used that old book. By 1904 Ramanujan had begun to do more in-depth research.

Then he calculated the series Parisho and Euler’s constant to 15 decimal places. Completely he began to study Bernoulli numbers. Although this was entirely his independent discovery.

Working as lecture

So he soon found himself in trouble, and without telling his parents. Then he fled to the town of Visakhapatnam, 650 km north of Madras. However, he continued his mathematical work.

During this time he worked on hypergeometric series and investigated the relationships between integrals and series. In 1906, he later discovered that he was studying elliptic functions.

Then he attended lectures at Pachaiyappa College. But he fell ill after three months of study. After leaving the course, he wrote the First Arts Examination. He passed mathematics. But he failed all his other subjects and therefore failed the examination.

Continue Research

This meant that he was unable to enter the University of Madras. In the following years he worked on mathematics. Then he was developing his ideas without any help.

So with no real idea, then-current research topics beyond what Carr’s book provided. Continuing his mathematical work.Along Ramanujan studied continued fractions and differentiable series in 1908.

Married Life

Then he again fell seriously ill and underwent an operation in April 1909. After he took some time to recover. Then he married on 14 July 1909. His mother arranged for him to marry a ten-year-old girl, S. Janaki Ammal.

However, Ramanujan did not live with his wife until he was twelve. Ramanujan continued to develop his mathematical ideas. So he began to tackle problems and solve them in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society

Modular Formula

In 1910 he developed the relations between elliptic modular equations. In that he gained recognition for his work. After publishing a brilliant paper on Bernoulli numbers in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society in 1911.

Despite not having a university education, he became a well-known mathematical genius in Madras. In 1911, Ramanujan approached the founder.

Employeement

For own purpose he approached the Indian Mathematical Society for employment advice. Then he got his first job after this, temporary post in the Accountant General’s Office, Madras.

Someone advised him to contact Ramachandra Rao, the Collector of Nellore. Member of Indian Mathematical Society founder Rama Chandra Rao.He helped to start the Mathematical Library.

Great Mathematician

He used to live on mathematics, even though he used scrap paper with better care. Seeing his talent in mathematics, the University of Madras granted him a fellowship of 75 rupees per month, even though he did not get a degree.

 In 1913, the famous mathematician Dr. Walker, who came to the Madras Port Trust, was amazed by Ramanujan’s research and sent 120 research theorems discovered by Ramanujan to the famous Cambridge professor of that time, Godfrey Hardy (1877–1947).

G.H. saw the results that a high-level mathematician could write. Even in such difficult circumstances, he submitted 32 research papers. His fans were shocked to see the plump, slightly dark-skinned Ramanujan returning from England with a debilitating illness.

Secret number -1729

Despite various medical facilities, he could not recover. (1729 = 1^3 + 12^3 = 9^3 + 10^3). This incident is a testament to his unwavering love and dedication to mathematics.

The number 1729 is known as Ramanujan’s number. Even when he was seriously ill, he surprised Hardy by telling him about the special number 1729.

When Ramanujan was ill in the hospital, Hardy went to see him and, in the middle of the conversation, asked him if the car number he had come in was 1729 and if there was anything special about it.

Ramanujan, without hesitation, said that the number was important because it was the smallest number in the set of numbers that could be written as the sum of two cubes in two ways.

(1729 = 1^3 + 12^3 = 9^3 + 10^3). This incident is a testament to his unwavering love and dedication to mathematics.

Awards

On February 28, 1918, Ramanujan became the second Indian to be honored as a Fellow of the Royal Society and the first Indian to be honored as a Fellow of Trinity College in October 1918.

In his later years, Ramanujan’s research on the ‘magic square,’ ‘number theory of pure mathematics,’ and ‘mock theta functions’ became famous.

Death

He returned to India in March 1919 due to deteriorating health. His fans were shocked to see the plump, slightly dark-skinned Ramanujan returning from England with a debilitating illness.

Despite various medical facilities, he could not recover. He died on 26 April 1926, at the age of 33. Ramanujan was comparable to the natural mathematicians of his time, such as Leonard Euler, Gauss, Jacobi, etc.

Ramanujan Honoured with National day

Based on these, modern discoveries such as swing theory and cancer research are still ongoing. Research on Ramanujan’s notebooks and mathematical theories is still being conducted at the Ramanujan Institute and the University of Illinois in the United States.

In recognition of his contributions to mathematics, the Government of India has declared his birthday as ‘National Mathematics Day.’.

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Autobiography of Stephen Hawkings

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Stephen Hawkings: The Man Who Explained the Universe

Stephen Hawkings

Stephen Hawkings Education

In his college days, Stephen Hawkings was just like any other boy. He spent all day… hanging out with friends and having fun at parties. He was smart, and the only reason he got the opportunity to complete his degree at Oxford University. However, once he reached his goal, he never looked back. His vision touched the edges of the vast universe that we cannot see.

From a wheelchair, he explored the secrets of the universe. Although he did not show much talent in his studies. But Hawking’s teachers were impressed by the young boy’s intelligence. At the age of nine, his classmates nicknamed Hawking “Einstein.”. Initially, his father wanted Hawking to become a doctor.

Another Earth - Stephen Hawkings prediction

It worked like a mouse by contracting the jaw muscles. At this stage, Intel founder Gordon Moore stepped forward to provide help. Justin Ratner teamed up with experts to find a solution. They built a system that turned Hawking’s thoughts into words. On Earth. ‘The time is not far off when we have to vacate Earth.

We have to find another habitable planet within the next hundred years. Overpopulation, unpredictable changes in the climate, and asteroids approaching the Earth will make life on Earth increasingly difficult. In a BBC documentary, he famously stated that “there is no life after death,” emphasizing that science, not belief, should guide our understanding of the universe.

Stephen Hawkings Marriage

Love marriage Hawking first met a girl named Jane Wilde during New Year’s celebrations in 1963. It turned into love. In the meantime, Hawking learned that he was suffering from a rare disease. He told Wilde about this. He and his wife and three children became estranged from him.

At the time, Hawking’s children accused Elaine of being the reason for Hawking’s estrangement. However, Hawking, who ignored all this, married Elaine in 1995. After the marriage, fellow nurses complained to the police that Elaine was torturing Hawking and molesting him.

It became a sensation at the time. The police, who initially registered a case on this incident, closed the case after Hawking denied the allegations. Hawking’s marriage to Elaine also did not last long. The two divorced in 2006. After the divorce, Hawking became closer to his children. 

Stephen Hawkings Black holes theory

Stephen Hawkings

Stephen Hawkins nurtured physics from the universe’s origin to the black holes that can absorb everything within it. He brought physics within the framework of theories. Despite his physical limitations, he made significant contributions to the field of physics.

Create new variations by remixing this response. At one point, no other organ except his eyes worked. With his intellectual power, he brought the secrets of the universe within the reach of the common man.

Stephen Hawkings as Einstein

He remained the Einstein of this generation. Stephen Hawking embarked on his journey through time. Witness, Hyderabad: Physics is useful for understanding the world around us. Sir Isaac Newton proposed the theory of gravity 400 years ago, achieving the first breakthrough in physics.

Einstein developed the general theory of relativity in the early 20th century. Experts widely agree that Einstein’s theory marked the second major milestone in the progress of physics.The general theory of relativity provides an understanding of the functioning of the vast universe. Einstein proposed a theory of quantum mechanics. This theory helps us understand the nature of the physical world at the atomic level.

Stephen Hawkings combined theory

Stephen Hawking combined two major theories: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. The theory of relativity explains the vast universe. Quantum mechanics explains the properties of tiny particles and forces. The fact that the world has already recognized this as the third breakthrough in physics is a testament to Hawking’s greatness.

Einstein’s and Hawking’s… Experts have long debated who is greater, Einstein or Hawking. The scientific community remains divided on this issue. Many people also believe that it is not appropriate to compare the two. However, in some respects, Hawking is undoubtedly greater than Einstein.

The reason for this is that, before even turning 21, someone tells him, ‘You will die in a few years.’. They collapse and continue their lives in despair. Despite struggling with a disability, Stephen Hawking sharpened his intellect. He made groundbreaking contributions to the field of astronomy.

Stephen Hawkings about technology

Stephen Hawking said, “By the time I was 21, I had lost all hope for my future.”. Everything I got after that was a bonus.” Technology that gave me a voice in 1985. Hawking is touring Geneva. This left him unable to speak. For some time, he would use his eyebrows to form words and use spelling cards to indicate letters.

Martin King and Hawkins contacted Words Plus in California. Words Plus gave Hawking a speech-generating device that changed his life. The head of this company, Vuoltoz, also suffered from ALS. They developed a computer software called Vuoltoz Equalizer to help her speak and write.

Speech Synthesizer device

Martin King asked Walter Woltosz if his device would help Stephen Hawking. Wooltoz gave the equalizer to Hawking for free. A speech synthesizer supplemented the Equalizer software on the Apple II computer. David Mason built it. A nurse who had cared for Hawking was married to David Mason. Hawking’s team attached a small speech synthesizer to the armrest of his wheelchair.

Hawking began speaking at a rate of 15 words per minute with the device’s help. Over time, a nerve that controlled Hawking’s thumb suffered damage. By 2008, he could no longer click a mouse. At this stage, one of Hawking’s students developed another small device called the Cheek Switch. This device, designed to be attached to Hawking’s glasses, worked with infrared light.

 

My Brief History

Believe that there is no such thing as heaven or hell. Continuously, people fabricate such stories for those who fear death. Because our brain is like a computer. If the parts of a computer break, then the brain stops working. Here, I am not afraid of death. But I do not want to die right away. Therefore, I have a lot to do before I die.

Continuously, we need to use our strengths effectively while we are alive. In one of the interviews with the Guardian in 2011, Hawking wrote 5 amazing works: My Brief History. Briefly, this is like Hawking’s autobiography. Extremely, I had a comfortable childhood in London. There he enjoyed himself during his youth with his friends while placing bets. Here he evolved as a genius and a famous theoretical scientist. So Hawking shares these fascinating details in his book “My Brief History.”.

About Gods origin

In this book, he introduces a new Hawking that readers do not know—a funny and clever Hawking. Here rare photographs in this book will add extra interest to the readers.Until 2001, it had been translated into 35 languages. In this Hawking asserts that God is not necessary to explain the origin of the universe.

Once Hawking said God’s non-existence can’t be proven. But science makes it unnecessary.” Hawking wrote “The Universe in a Nutshell” in 2001, following up on his earlier book “A Brief History of Time.”. In this, Hawking explained his research and modern physics theories in the book. Consequently, he also discussed the work of famous physicists like Einstein and Richard Feynman.

Cosmos Computer

In it, children Susan, Ringo, Eric, George, and Dr. Reaper go on adventures with the help of a powerful computer called Cosmos. So Hawking simplifies complex universe concepts into engaging stories. One moment he toured Mumbai in a special car designed by Mahindra and Mahindra to accommodate Hawking’s wheelchair.

Approximately one lakh Indians are diagnosed with this disease annually. Because it weakens the muscles and makes after that it impossible to do any small work. Due treatment may be of little benefit, but it is not possible to cure it completely. As the days pass, the disease worsens.

Gradually, the muscles lose strength, and you cannot stand, talk, eat, or move. At least you cannot breathe properly. But signals from the nerves to the brain do not reach you. Therefore, the mussels die. Reason behind patients usually die of respiratory problems within three to five years of the onset of symptoms.

Singularity Concept

Both space and time are all contained within it. So this concept is called the singularity. Between 1972-74 Black hole mechanism: The proposal that radioactivity is also emitted from invisible black holes scattered throughout the universe. Consequently, 1981 Information paradox: Any matter or information that enters a black hole evaporates and becomes inaccessible to anyone

Multiverse Concept

In 1983, Infinite Universe: This universe has no boundaries in terms of space-time. So 1988 Time: Hawking estimated that time is like three darting arrows. Therefore, thermodynamics is an arrow; the other two are celestial and psychological. In the year 2006, this universe came into existence from different states.

Death

That’s why he even pressured him to take up biology for this. However, Hawking had a keen interest in mathematics. So he decided to do a degree in that. However, since a degree in mathematics was not the priority at Oxford University, he chose physics. From then on, he began to learn the ins and outs of physics and astronomy.

Though he wrote five books on science with his daughter Lucy. In this Hawking’s research in brief. According to him, 1970 The universe originated from a single point, known as a singularity. Suppose that the planets, stars, and all other matter that we see shrink to a small capsule that is invisible to the eye. Then the universe’s density and weight become infinite.

At the time of his death, Stephen Hawking’s wealth was Rs. 129.75 crores ($20 million). So Hawking has created characters in television series such as The Simpsons, Futurama, Star Trek: The Next Generation, and The Big Bang Theory. Constantly struggle at every step.

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Nikola Tesla inventions | Nikola Tesla biography

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Nikola Tesla: The Mind That Lit the World

The best time-traveling scientist, whom people considered mysterious Nikola Tesla was one of the best scientists of the century who changed the entire history of mankind.

Today’s era is full of charismatic miracles of science. Do you know how it was possible? Millions of people come and go in this world. But some people stay in the hearts of others forever. Their name gets engraved in the pages of history.

These are the people who make even the impossible tasks of science possible. Such people always move forward, understanding the rules of the universe. They open the closed paths of development.

Early life of Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljan, Croatia, on 10 July 1856. Croatia was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867 to 1918. Croatia is the 18th most favorite tourist destination in the world.

It is a country in Europe. But we all know that 161 years ago, there was not much progress in the world. At that time, Croatia was a poor country. Nikola Tesla was born in a Roman Catholic home; he was the fourth child of his parents.

He had an elder brother named Dan. He also had two elder sisters. Their names were Angela and Milka. He also had a younger sister named Marika. Nikola’s father was a priest in a true Orthodox church.

Nikola Tesla's education

Nikola Tesla studied at the Polytechnic Institute Graz of Karlstadt University in Germany and later in Prague, Austria. In the 1870s, he moved to Budapest. For some time, he worked in the central telephone exchange. Tesla first conceived the idea of the induction motor in Budapest. At 28, Nikola Tesla left Europe and moved to the United States.

Tesla was brilliant in his school days. He used to solve the toughest math problems in his mind. In 1875, Nikola Tesla entered Polytechnic College. There he secured first position in 9 exams.

Today, we are going to tell you about an important person. This person understood all the rules of nature and changed the map of the world. He made an important contribution to advancing the development of humanity. 

Yes, that person is none other than Nikola Tesla. He was one of the best scientists of that century. Whose discoveries have changed the entire world of science? The answer is Nikola Tesla, the best scientist of the 19th century. He dedicated his whole life to the world of science.

When Tesla did this work, Thomas Edison went back on his promise. Due to this, there was a difference of opinion between Nikola Tesla and Edison, and Tesla left the job from there. You use many gadgets today. These gadgets use the internet.

They all work because of electricity. You can watch TV in your room. This is possible because of electricity. If electricity didn’t exist, we would be far behind where we are today. There would be no gadgets and no inventions, making life completely different.

Nikola and Thomas Edison

In 1882, Nikola Tesla discovered the rotating magnetic field, a fundamental principle of physics. This discovery is the basis of all devices that use alternating current. The same year he found it, Nikola Tesla worked at the Continental Edison Company in Paris.

Two years later, Thomas Edison invited him to work in New York, and he made the move. Differences between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison over direct current were the cause of their disagreement. Nikola Tesla built devices that made the use of alternating current feasible.

Nikola Tesla's vision for free energy

Nikola Tesla

This was a better way to transmit energy, even over large distances. But it was also too dangerous in case of an accident. Edison based his techniques on direct current; Nikola’s killers were against alternating current.

You will be surprised to know that about 150 years ago, there was no trace of electricity. People had to survive through lanterns and torches. Then a scientist did such a miracle for which even today humans will always be indebted to him. 

Nikola Tesla played a pivotal role in the scientific era by advace inventing electricity. Nikola was inspired to invent electricity by his mother, Djuka Mendes, who made many small devices at home in her spare time. Nikola’s father, Milutin Tesla, was a priest.

Nikola Tesla's AC sytem

After this, he started his own company. Here he discovered the biggest discovery of the century, the AC system. Under this, people could easily transport electricity from one place to another. 

On the other hand, Thomas Edison strongly advocated for the direct current (DC) system. After this, the AC/DC war started between the two. Later this AC/DC war became the most famous war in the science world. Nikola Tesla won in this.

Nikola Tesla's inventions

Nikola Tesla’s research and discoveries are all the best for electro technologies and radioelectricity. Nikola has about 40 patents in the United States, while he has registered more than 700 patents in the world. Tesla’s inventions were based on the use of electricity and magnetism.

 These inventions include fluorescent lamps, induction motors, remote controls, Tesla coils, and radio transmission. In addition, his work also led to the development of ignition systems used to start cars and alternating current.

Earthquake Machine

One of Tesla’s strange inventions is the earthquake machine. His invention was to transmit electricity through the earth’s crust so that a light bulb could be turned on anywhere on the planet by simply sticking it into the earth.

Nikola Tesla went bankrupt when he burned down a power plant to pay a huge compensation. Apart from this, his inventions include names like AC electricity, electric waves, electric motors, wireless communication, robotics, remote control, and radar.

Cyclic Magnetic Field

After that Tesla discovered the principle of the cyclic magnetic field. Another important invention of his is the AC electric motor, which completely marginalized the DC electric system. Then he built the first water-electric power station at Niagara Falls. Thereafter, the world adopted the AC electric distribution system.

In 1893, the Chicago World Columbian Exposition was organized, in which Nikola Tesla demonstrated his AC system, and soon it became the standard power system of the 20th century and continues even today. Two years later, in 1895, Tesla built the first hydroelectric power plant in Niigata, a feat that the world marveled at.

World communication network

In the year 1900, Tesla began his most daring project to date: the creation of a world communications network—a tall power tower to transmit information and provide free electricity to the world. However, due to a lack of funding, the project never came to fruition and was abandoned.

Awards and medals

Finally Tesla was also an honorary member of the National Electric Light Association and a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Death of Tesla

 Apart from this, Nikola Tesla made many other useful inventions, most of which are officially patented in the name of other inventors, such as the dynamo, induction motor, radar technology, X-ray technology, rotating magnetic field, etc.

Due to this, he went into depression. So he stopped meeting everyone. Closely, he started living alone. Strangely, this scientist died in 1943. So far Nikola Tesla made many of the best scientific discoveries, for which he never got any credit. Despite doing so much, this best scientist lived a poor life.

Organically, Tesla was a man of unique talent, and his mind worked very fast. Whatever Tesla thought was many years ahead of the thinking of common citizens. Knownly, the best scientist, Thomas Edison, also used to work with him. Both Tesla and Edison were working on electricity. Their main work was to supply AC electricity to the whole country.

So Tesla never married till his death. Completely he dedicated most of his time to science and his inventions. However, in the last days of his life, when other scientists were gaining fame by stealing his patents, his whole life he was suffering from mental disturbance. Any way Nikola Tesla spent 60 important years of his life in New York and died in this city at the age of 86 in poverty and solitude on 7 January 1943.

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Marie Curie Biography | Madame Curie Scientist

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Biography of Madame Curie, the scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice

Marie Curie

Childhood of Marie Curie

Marie Curie mother died at a young age. Her early education began at home. Her father used to read literature and science books to all the children. Her mother, ‘Bronislava,’ was often ill. So due to their financial constraints and other problems in the family, she could not get proper treatment. Her mother died at the age of 42. At that time, Marie was only 10 years old. After the death of her mother, the burden of family problems increased further. But Marie now started her formal education and started going to school.

Education of Marie Curie

Beginning of formal education In 1883, Marie Curie passed her high school examination with first division. Due to the poor financial condition of her family, she had to work as a governess. She continued her university studies alongside her job. After this, she went to Paris to study higher in 1891. In Poland, they called her ‘Maria.’ But in Paris, she started being called ‘Mary.’.

College life

Marie Curie stayed at her sister Bronya’s house in Paris for some time, but due to the house being far from the university, she later rented a cheap house near the university. At the same time, due to staying away from formal education for a few years, she had to work harder than other students. After this, in 1893, Marie earned her master’s degree in physics with first division.

Employeement

Marie Curie was confident that she would find a job in Warsaw, as she believed it would match her qualifications. However, she was disappointed when she did not get a teaching job at a university because she was a woman.

After some time, Marie Curie taught tuition to children at home due to a lack of money and resources. After some time, she got a scholarship for higher studies abroad. She again went to Paris. Here Mary obtained a master’s in mathematics in the year 1894.

Curie Pierre meeting

Marie Curie’s scientific career started when she got a job at the ‘Society for the Encouragement of National Industry.’ They assigned her to investigate the chemical structure of different types of steel. She also studied their magnetic properties as part of her work. But this work was difficult, so Marie needed a laboratory. Then Marie’s professor helped her and introduced her to physicist ‘Pierre Curie,’ who was the head of ‘The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution at that time.

Marie Curie's married life

Pierre Curie was a quiet and shy person who spent most of his time in the laboratory.After meeting Pierre Curie, Marie also started working with him in the laboratory. Their love for science brought them closer to each other, and after some time, they married in 1895.They had two children named Iron and Eve Curie.Like Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, their daughter Irène and her husband, Frederic Joliot, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They received the honor in the year 1935.

Marie Curie discoveries in radioactivity

Daughter Irène and her husband, Frederic Joliot, won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.When Marie’s name was not on the list of Nobel Prize winners, Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre Curie, jointly discovered ‘radioactivity’ for many years, and finally their hard work paid off. After processing pitchblende ore, they discovered the atomic weight of radium. Their research proved that radium is a new element.

Let us tell you that Marie wrote her thesis on this subject and obtained a PhD degree. You will be surprised to know that Marie was the first woman in France to get a ‘doctorate’ degree. In 1903, the Nobel Prize in Physics nominated Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel.

But Marie’s name was missing from this list. After which Swedish mathematician and scientist ‘Gösta Mittag-Leffler’ and ‘Pierre Curie’ wrote a letter to the Nobel Prize Committee and objected to the absence of Marie’s name.

Marie Curie's Nobel Prize

Marie Curie

After they received the Nobel Prize, the couple’s popularity grew everywhere, and their financial condition improved. People called Marie Curie ‘Madame Curie’ with respect. But after some time in the year 1906, her husband, Pierre Curie, died in a road accident. But she continued the search for radium and polonium. 

She was successful in this work. Eight years later, she received the second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. Along with this, the university appointed Marie Curie as a professor at Sorbonne University in Paris. Let us tell you that the university appointed her as the first woman in this role.

Awards and Honors

Let us tell you that Marie Curie received many other major awards, including the ‘Albert Medal,’ ‘Willard Gibbs Award,’ ‘Cameron Award,’ and ‘Davy Medal.’ She received these prestigious honors throughout her life. Marie Curie passed away in France. Marie Curie dedicated her entire life to science and the welfare of mankind.

After receiving the Nobel Prize for the second time, she devoted herself to the discovery of X-rays and radiography. However, due to exposure to radium radiation, she became a victim of cancer, and battling this serious disease, she bid goodbye to the world forever on July 4, 1934, at the age of 66. But her discoveries and efforts for human welfare will always make people remember her.

Marie Curie shared some inspirational and precious thoughts. Madame Curie said these quotes. As you can see in the points given below, we should not fear anything in this world. There is nothing in this world that we need to be afraid of. We need to understand things properly; only this can reduce our fear.

Very few people see what has happened so far. Most people want to know what remains.There is no need to fear anyone as long as what you are doing is right. As long as it is not harming anyone, you have nothing to fear.

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Albert Einstein Biography

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Albert Einstein: A Genius Beyond Science

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein Childhood

Albert Einstein was an ordinary-looking, super intelligent scientist. Biography of world-famous scientist Albert Einstein Born: 14 March 1879 Died: April 18, 1955 Albert Einstein (Albert Einstein, Germany) was as great a scientist as his clothes were simple.

He had short hair and a big hairstyle on his head. He wore a leather jacket on his body and pants without suspenders. His shoes were without socks on his feet. They did not lose when removed. They did not tighten when worn.

Early Life

Father used to run a small factory of electrical goods. Mother used to do housework. His uncle was the guardian of Albert Einstein. Uncle had caught the hidden talent in his inquisitive. So young nephew and turned his talent towards science in his childhood.

Albert Einstein Education

Among the gifts that his uncle used to give Albert Einstein were many scientific instruments. Kutubanuma, received as a gift from his uncle. So he sparked his interest in science.

His mother used to say with a laugh, ‘My Albert will grow up to be a professor.’ What he said in his laughter was truly meaningful. In 1909, they appointed him as a professor at the University of Munich. Then, a few years later, they also appointed him as the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Science.

Albert Einstein: greatest devotion to Gandhiji

Albert Einstein was not a pure intellectual scientist but also a generous human being. He was a sensitive-hearted human being. When violence and oppression were rampant in Germany. Then Einstein strongly condemned this practice.

He also had to leave Germany for this reason. He considered himself an ordinary person. Among his contemporaries, he had the greatest devotion to Gandhi.

Gandhiji - NO One Believe About Him

Upon Gandhiji’s death, he said that future generations would not believe such a person walked the earth as a living statue. He considered himself much younger than Gandhiji.

He had told the then Indian ambassador Gaganbhai Mehta, ‘Don’t compare me. With that great man who has done so much for mankind. I am nothing in front of him.’ There was such an extraordinary quality in his simplicity.That all the dignitaries made him sit near them.He gave him respect.

Life Style

According to an incident, famous writer of Colombia, Dr. Frank Ayte Lotte, organized a reception in honor of Albert Einstein. When they requested Einstein to speak in front of the guests. He stood up and said, Gentlemen! I am sorry that I have nothing to say to you right now.” Saying this, Einstein sat down at his place.

The guests did not react well. Einstein sensed discontent and came back to the stage.Forgive me; whenever I have something to say, I will present myself before you.

Real Incidence

Six years later, Dr. Atte Lotte received a telegram from Einstein—”Brother ‘, now I have something to say.’ The organizers soon arranged a convention. This time Einstein explained his ‘quantum theory,’ which none of the guests understood.

According to another incident, the name of the mathematics teacher at the polytechnic. where the famous scientist Albert Einstein studied was Herman Minovsky. 

He considered Einstein to be a lazy person who rarely attended class. The reason was that Einstein was a different kind of student. So no teacher understood him. Einstein’s other teachers also did not have a very good opinion about him. 

Albert Einstein Behaviour

His physics teacher at the Polytechnic, Heinrich Bever, told him, ‘You are a very intelligent boy. But you have one shortcoming. You do not listen to anyone.’ It is also said that a teacher had advised Einstein to leave school.

Because he believed that Einstein’s ugly behavior influenced other students. That’s why he spoiled their habits.

But despite all these shortcomings and harsh comments, Einstein did not get disheartened. He remained hopeful about life. Because he did not lose his self-confidence.

Hardworking

A teacher’s comment hurt him, but he did not commit suicide. Instead, through his hard work and talent, he even received the Nobel Prize. We are all aware of Einstein’s contribution to world science.

What Einstein said about the education system from his experience is probably very important today. All teachers, educationists, parents, and fathers should pay attention to it. He used to say, ‘I want to oppose this concept that schools should directly teach those special knowledge. Those skills that people use later.

I find it unfair when others treat a person like a lifeless tool. The goal of schools should always be that the young man comes out not as an expert. But as a well-rounded personality.