Historical & Political Figures Archives

Abraham Lincoln America – The hero who broke the chains of slavery

February 16, 2025/1 Comment/in Biographies & Life Stories, Historical & Political Figures/by rathodkethan1@gmail.com

The hero who broke the chains of slavery

The same color of blood flows in all the people created by God. But some are born lucky, and some are poor. If a person has to respect another person, who should he respect? the rich or the poor?? If you ask Lincoln, he will look at it differently. He said that everyone has self-respect. Abraham Lincoln was the one who believed in this as a trinity!

In 1861, America’s fate changed. The humanitarian and selfless democratic leader Abraham Lincoln ascended to the presidency of that country. Fifteen people sat on that throne before him, and twenty-eight sat after him. However, no one could reach his level. It is no exaggeration to say that Lincoln is still the idol of the American people. He left such an impression on the minds of Americans.

At a glance, the Lincoln presidency:

Abraham Lincoln

TIME LINE

1860 - Lincoln is elected president

1861 - Emancipation Proclaim

1865 - American civil war ends

1865 - Lincolns death

Abraham Lincoln Childhood

Childhood and youth In December 1816, Thomas Lincoln moved with his family to Indiana, where he had filed a lawsuit challenging his title to his Kentucky farm. There, as a squatter on government land, he hastily built a “half-faced camp”—a crude structure of logs and branches open on one side to the weather—in which the family took shelter at blazing fire.

He soon built a permanent cabin, and later he bought the land on which it stood. Abraham Lincoln helped clear the fields and tend the crops but early developed a dislike for hunting and fishing. In later years he recalled the “panther roar,” “bears that flew hogs,” and “sometimes a very pinch” of poverty on the Indiana frontier.

The most unfortunate period of his childhood came after the death of his mother in the fall of 1818. At the age of nine, he watched her buried in the woods, then faced the winter without the warmth of a mother’s love.Fortunately, before the second winter began, Thomas Lincoln married Sarah Bush Johnston, who had moved from Kentucky to Indiana to raise a family with Thomas Lincoln.

A widow with two girls and a boy, she had energy and affection and ran the household equally, treating both sets of children as if they were her own, but she developed a special affection for Abraham Lincoln, and he for her. He later referred to his stepmother as his “angelic mother.”

Abraham Lincoln Adult life

However, his stepmother developed affection for Abraham Lincoln. She raised him as if he were her own child. Grief… Abraham Lincoln, who had been experiencing grief since birth, continued to haunt him throughout his life. His friends knew well how many sleepless nights Lincoln spent thinking about his nineteen-year-old sister Sarah, who died of tuberculosis. Despite his lack of education, he wanted to succeed in business. It left him with a huge loss. He struggled in a swamp of debt.

Abraham Lincoln Education

Although he became his stepmother’s own child, he gradually became distant from his father. Politics…However, he won four consecutive elections starting in 1834. After that, he spent some years away from politics and practiced law. Lincoln, who studied law on his own, rose to a very high position as a lawyer. Lincoln did not like the oppression of Black people by whites in America. He took up a lawyer and argued many cases on their behalf.

Abraham Lincoln's Political career

In this order, he decided to enter politics again in 1855. Fight against racism…Abraham Lincoln was a man who wholeheartedly believed that every person has self-respect. That is why he could not accept the differences between Black and white. He questioned where the stability of the country would be if Black people were languishing in slavery. That is why he announced that he would abolish slavery and racial discrimination in the country.

His speech titled ‘The Divided Speech’ changed the future of Americans. Abraham Lincoln’s call for all people to be equal and not to discriminate against them moved many. It made Abraham Lincoln the President of the United States. Opposition…After becoming president, Lincoln did not forget his promise. He abolished slavery. This led to strong protests. In particular, 11 states opposed Lincoln’s decision.Murder… Abraham Lincoln took further steps to advance the rights of Black people.

He announced that he would give them the right to vote. With this, some white people conspired against Abraham Lincoln. They tried to end him. A visionary disappeared from the history of that country. Azanubahu…Abraham Lincoln was an Azanubahu. He was six feet four inches tall and was also the strongest.

People give many examples of Abraham Lincoln’s muscular strength. In 1834, while Lincoln was speaking during the election campaign, a man rushed from the supporters in front of the stage. Abraham Lincoln saw the attack, grabbed the man’s neck with one hand, and threw him aside. People still tell stories about this even today. Lincoln was the first to use an axe. Americans believe that he has supernatural powers.

Mother Teresa Autobiography | Mother Teresa

February 14, 2025/0 Comments/in Historical & Political Figures/by rathodkethan1@gmail.com

Mother Teresa, the Mother of the Universe, who sought out and helped those in need.

Early life : Mother Teresa was a great person who was born somewhere in Yugoslavia and brought light to the lives of the unfortunate in the slums of Kolkata. She sacrificed her personal life to help her fellow human beings, sought out those in need and helped them immensely and became Mother readmore.

There is little to say about this great person who was called ‘Mother’ by Indians. Born on August 26, 1910 in Yugoslavia, Mother Teresa’s real name was Agnes Gonsa Bojakšu. Mother Teresa’s father was also a pioneer in serving others. An ashram he founded in Letnica for orphans still feeds many people readmore.

Mother Teresa, who followed her father’s service spirit… She joined the school in Kolkata belonging to that organization as a teacher on May 4, 1937. She was moved by the miserable condition of the people in the slums of Kolkata. Due to this, she resigned from her teaching job and started serving humanity readmore.

She established a school called Motijheel for orphans and, due to lack of sufficient funds to feed them, she made a living by scrounging on the streets of Kolkata. Some people who recognized her dedication to service volunteered to help. After the school received financial assistance, in 1950, with the permission of the Vatican, she established the ‘Missionaries of Charity’ readmore.

Through this organization, many unfortunate, poor and sick people were served for almost 45 years. She also extended her services to Asia, Europe, Africa, Rome, Tanzania, and Austria.According to the biography written by Joan Graf Clucas, after 12 years, she decided to dedicate her life to religion. She went there with Red Cross workers and provided medical services.

She resigned from the Missionaries of Charity on March 13, 1997. She died of a serious illness on September 5 of the same year. However, the members of the charity still elect her as the head of the board and declare that she is with them. Mother Teresa, who is known as the Mother of the Universe with the motto ‘Helping hands are better than praying lips’, has also been granted the status of sainthood.

Even after their death, the Vatican City declares ‘Saint’ to those who perform certain miracles. To be declared like this, at least two miracles must occur and then they will gain the status of a goddess. In a similar way, Teresa’s first miracle was recognized in 1998 when she cured a Bengali tribal woman suffering from a tumor in her stomach.

When she said that her tumor was completely cured due to the prayers offered to Teresa, she looked for a second miracle. The Vatican City has announced that Mother Teresa has been canonized as a saint, recognizing her second miracle, when she healed a Brazilian man suffering from a fatal brain disease.

Born somewhere abroad, embarked on a path of service, and settled in Kolkata, India, ‘Mother’ Teresa, who reached out to those suffering from illnesses and rendered services, was a ‘goddess’ who took care of those suffering from diseases in a condition that was so pitiful that she could not even write.

The unfortunate people, whose family members had thrown them on the road, wondering where they would get the disease if they caught it, recovered thanks to Mother Teresa. Knowing that they had no chance of surviving, some unfortunate people forgot their suffering in their last days with the help of Mother Teresa.

However, despite being praised by millions of people, prominent figures, governments and institutions, she also faced criticism and responded to it with her service. Speakers such as Christopher Hitchens, Michael Parenti, Arup Chatterjee and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad accused her of encouraging religious conversions and giving Christianity to those on their deathbeds.

In 1952, she started the ‘Home for the Dying’ in Kolkata. With the help of Indian authorities, she converted a derelict Hindu temple into a hospice for the poor. She named it ‘Nirmal Hruday’, the home of the Sacred Heart of Kalighat. Those who came to this home were provided with medical assistance and were given the opportunity to die with dignity according to their beliefs.

Muslims would recite the Quran, Hindus would offer Ganga water, and Catholics would be given funerals according to their customs. In her words, it was ‘a beautiful death’, a loving arrangement of divine deaths for humans who lived like animals.

Martin Luther Biography | Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr

February 13, 2025/0 Comments/in Historical & Political Figures/by rathodkethan1@gmail.com

Martin Luther King's 'Dream of Equality'

Martin Luther King Jr. speech in American history makes him Civil Rights Movement leader.

Role in the Civil Rights Movement :

Slavery ended in the united North America. Two years later, the Civil War ended. Millions of farm workers in the southern states waited for the dawn of freedom. At one point, it seemed that dawn had arrived. Despite violent obstacles in South America, the army defended the freedom and voting rights of blacks. In 1877, the army withdrew, leaving the defense of South America to political emancipators. Soon, the racist parallel army, the Ku Klux Klan, formed lynching squads readmore.

Martin was an active civil rights activist. He walked 10 million km in the face of injustice. He traveled and gave 2,500 speeches. Martin’s father was a respected Christian preacher. Martin received a doctorate in Christian theology in 1955. He worked as a church pastor. He was a man with an inner desire to ‘serve God and humanity’. That summer, he gave a wonderful speech in front of 2.5 million people in the shadow of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington readmore.

A hundred years ago, a great American (Lincoln) signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This memorable beacon of hope became a beacon for the Negro slaves of the unjust darkness. It shone like a day of light that broke the dark night. However, even after a hundred years, the Negro was still not a free being. He is suffering the painful handicap of the chains of segregation and the chains of discrimination.

We are gathered here today to express this shameful state. As Martin sat down after finishing his written address, he said, “Tell me about your dream, Martin.” The singer Mahalia Jackson asked from the audience. Hearing this, Martin’s lips burst into a lively speech. Friends, we must not fall into the valley of despair.

Despite the hardships we are experiencing, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply intertwined with the American dream. This country will move forward and live in the full sense of the nation. We will embrace these truths with our own testimony that all men are created equal.

Black and White will unite as brothers :

It is a golden dream that in the toxic, racist Alabama, where the governor’s words like ‘ban, ban’ will disappear and black and white children will one day join hands as brothers.

It is a dream that the day will come when the valleys, the hills, the highlands, the valleys will be leveled and all people will see the light of God together. This is our hope. With this faith I go. With this faith let us tear down the mountains of despair readmore.

Let us turn bitter disagreement into a brotherly voice. Let us work together, let us pray, let us fight for freedom, let us go to prison, and one day we will be free beings. On that day, all of God’s children will sing songs with new meanings.

If America is to be a great nation, freedom must be everywhere (for blacks). When that happens, blacks, whites, Jews, Gentiles, Protestants, Catholics, all of God’s children will sing the ancient Negro spiritual. We are free at last! We are free at last

Photography’s Civil Right Movement impact is huge. here include big part of Africans.

Civil Rights Movement :

Martin’s speech was a keynote in the American civil rights movement. His fiery words combined intellectual argument, religious rhetoric, and patriotic exhortation. The phrase “O my country, freedom is in the making” became a hymn. It gave new heart to black equality advocates.

It warned all politicians in Washington. Finally, in 1964, the US government passed the Civil Rights Act. It officially ended segregation. A year later, the Voting Rights Act freed African Americans from voting discrimination.

The struggle did not end. Discrimination was still severe. Disillusioned black activists rejected Martin’s militant nonviolent struggle. Martin learned nonviolent struggle from Mahatma Gandhi.

By 1968, Martin’s influence had waned. He was an optimist. I have reached the mountaintops of the Promised Land. I may not reach them with you. I want you to know tonight that as citizens we will reach the Promised Land.” The next day, April 4, 1968, 39-year-old Martin Luther King was shot and killed by a white separatist in a Memphis hotel lobby.

Martin’s speech was a keynote in the American civil rights movement.1964, the US government passed the Civil Rights Act

symbol of oppression, exclusion, untouchability, and inequality

In the American West, black skin was a symbol of oppression, exclusion, untouchability, and inequality. White supremacy, power, arrogance, false glory, exploitation, and parasitism. Martin fought for the rights of African-Americans in non-violent methods.

He presented himself as a black nationalist. X is the name of the unknown African family of his ancestors. Malcolm supported the equal rights of blacks. Malcolm criticized Martin’s peaceful campaigns.

The lessons of a great personality and visionary like Martin Luther King Jr. are not contained in a few examples or principles. His entire life is an example for others. Through his words and deeds, Martin set some standards for people to follow to create an ideal society. Along with the enlightening journey and education of Martin Luther King Jr., there are some other things we can learn from his life:

Don't be afraid to demand and work for change :

Don’t be afraid to demand and work for change. It seemed as if even the law was not untouched by it. In this situation, leaders with their strong will demanded what was their right. Martin Luther King also demanded change with full zeal and as we all know, these efforts were rewarded wonderfully.

The idea of dreaming is more important than any other message of Martin Luther King Jr. that is etched in people’s hearts. Dreaming of a better tomorrow for all without any hatred and prejudice led to racial freedom in the USA.

The power of such dreams has put the reins of power in the hands of the weak, along with which people hope for a better tomorrow every day. As much as it is important to work, it is equally important to dream.

Stand strong for justice in the face of adversity :

While working for racial equality, Martin Luther King faced a lot of opposition. He was threatened by opponents and his house was even bombed. Facing these oppositions with the law, he never gave up his ideas. He stood up for his people until he was killed in an attack during a peace march.

While working for racial equality, it was important to understand that the ultimate goal was not to take revenge for the past but to end this practice. Hatred in hearts can become an obstacle in creating equality, so Martin Luther King chose the best option for work, these were non-violence and love.

Love for white people was also visible in his protest and this was the reason behind the success of his movement. At its core, it was a progressive step in every way because of compassion and forgiveness instead of hatred.

Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha | MK Gandhi

February 12, 2025/0 Comments/in Historical & Political Figures/by rathodkethan1@gmail.com

About Mahatma Gandhi : who led revolution without weapons

Satyagraha was not originally related to MK Gandhi. Even before him, the idea of Satyagraha is widely mentioned in religious texts like Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Gita, Quran and many other books. The work of putting it into practice has been done from time to time by many Indians and Westerners like Prahlad, Raja Harishchandra, Sakurat, Plato, Jesus Christ, Emperor Ashoka. Prahlad was perhaps the first person to practice Satyagraha against the atrocities of his cruel father. At that time, it was not understood in the true sense of Satyagraha. According to MK Gandhi, “The principle of Satyagraha came into existence before its naming. In fact, when it was born I myself did not know what it was.”

Some Westerners believe that Gandhi derived the idea of Satyagraha from the New Testament of Jesus Christ, especially the Teachings on the Father. Some others believe that he derived the idea from the writings of Tolstoy, while Tolstoy himself derived it from the New Testament. In fact Gandhi’s idea of Satyagraha was inspired neither by Jesus Christ nor by Tolstoy, but the main basis of his inspiration was his own Vaishnavite faith in which he had unshakable faith.”

If observed carefully, Satyagraha appears to have originated from Indian traditions. Meaning and Origin of Satyagraha.

The word Satyagraha is basically a Sanskrit word. It is a combination of two words Satya and Agraha. Its literal meaning is insistence on truth. In other words, Satyagraha means sticking to truth and persevering in the attainment of truth.

Defining Satyagraha, Gandhi writes:

“Truth demands the insistence of love and thus this insistence becomes a synonym for strength. This is why I began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha instead of Passive Resistance, which means a force based on the strong pillars of truth, love and non-violence.”

Gandhi in ‘Indian Opinion’ outlined Satyagraha as firmness in a sacred cause. In Young India he points out that Satyagraha is only a new form of the ‘doctrine of self-suffering’ and in Hind Swaraj he declares that “self-sacrifice is infinitely more preferable than the sacrifice of others” and a self-sacrificer, i.e. a self-sufferer, does not by his actions injure others. Satyagraha, which was Gandhi’s supreme invention, discovery or creation, talks of a relentless, unceasing pursuit of truth where there is no room for violence, hatred, envy, conceit and malice. His concept means inaction, It was not meekness, helplessness or self-indulgence. In fact it refers to a way of thinking and a philosophy of life of the human mind which rests on a strong desire to achieve a noble goal, an unflinching faith in the principle of the victory of love over hatred, voluntary self-suffering for the transformation of hearts and the patient and active use of non-violent and just means to achieve these goals. In the words of the famous Gandhian Acharya J. B. Kripani, “Satyagraha demands something more than just attack. It refers to the continuous moral upliftment of the struggling masses. It also means moral defeat of opponents. A satyagraha is non-cooperative rather than a strike. Satyagraha in its truest sense is a continuous and active search for truth and non-violent struggle against untruth. Satyagraha also means the assertion of the power of the human soul against political and economic domination, which always rejects truth for

its false ends. So satyagraha is the highest expression of human consciousness. Consciousness motivates man strongly to non-violent struggle for the attainment of truth.

Satyagraha is the greatest expression of faith, trust, conscience, love and humility. It is a great victory in itself.Satyagraha is the relentless pursuit of truth and the attainment of it. It shows its tenacity, stability but sharpness.

In fact there is no force in the world as resilient, gentle and clear as it. It raises the self-force against injustice, injustice, oppression and exploitation. Literally it means. “The pressure of truth” which finds its expression in self-suffering, faith, determination, self-realization and self-confidence. The principle of Satyagraha is not a new discovery. It is as old as Patanjali. MK Gandhi made a strong effort to connect its origin with the idea of enmity. Calling Satyagraha Kamadhenu, Gandhi said that it is useful for both the Satyagraha and its opponents. Satyagraha has also been related to Vedic Ayugs. Between its original form of ‘human and animal sacrifice’ and its contemporary expression in Satyagraha, (it has gone through a period of sharp divergences in the intellectual rationalization of the Upanishads and the humanistic concerns of the Jains and the Buddhists.)

MK Gandhi discovered this unique weapon during his non-violent struggle against racial discrimination in South Africa. In 1906 Gandhi organised the Indian diaspora in South Africa and devised a novel method of resistance against unjust laws and public practices which Gandhi called ‘Passive Resistance’ but with the passage of time and the intensification of the struggle this name came under suspicion and doubt and it came to be regarded as a weapon of the weak. As a result, it would be considered shameful to use an English word that was not easily comprehensible.

He felt that the movement he had started had deeper implications than passive resistance. So, feeling the need to revive this new kind of resistance, Gandhi announced a small prize in his weekly paper Indian Opinion for suggesting a new and appropriate word. One of his colleagues, Magan Lal Gandhi suggested the word Sadagrah, which means unceasing effort to achieve a noble goal.

Gandhi liked it but also felt that it did not fully express his ideas as he saw it as a truth force whose expression was driven by the divine qualities of truth, love and non-violence. He therefore modified it slightly and named it ‘Satyagraha’ which literally means ‘insistence on truth’. While discussing the origins of Satyagraha with Joseph J. Bock, Gandhi expressed the following views. He said, ‘I remember how a line from a Gujarati poem I learnt in school attracted me immensely.’

It meant something like this: If someone satisfies your lust and in return you also satisfy his lust, there is nothing remarkable in it. The best thing is when you give goodness in return of badness. That line made a strong impression on me in my childhood and I tried my best to apply it in my behaviour. Then came the mention of the teachings on the Father. ‘But surely the Bhagavad Gita must have had the first influence on you?’ he replied, ‘No’. Although I am thoroughly familiar with the Bhagavad Gita in Sanskrit, I never made its teachings the reference for this particular work. In fact the New Testament explained to me the value and usefulness of passive resistance. When I read these lines in the ‘Precepts on the Lord’ – ‘Resist evil and not evil.’ If somebody slaps you on your right cheek, quickly put forward your left cheek also and love your enemy as your loved ones and pray for his well-being because he may be one of the sons of my Father living in heaven, then I will be filled with joy and happiness and I will know that this is the reason why God has given me so much happiness.

Nelson Nelson Mandela | President Mandela Autobiography

February 11, 2025/1 Comment/in Historical & Political Figures/by rathodkethan1@gmail.com

Nelson Mandela : Lessons from his legacy

Nelson Mandelas Rules for Leadership :

Nelson Mandelas Rules for Leadership : The policy of apartheid was part of South Africa’s institutional racism. He was committed to finding peaceful solutions to his country’s social problems, and was ultimately awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for it. The whole world stood with him in Mandalay’s violent struggle for the right to freedom and justice for his people, and it was established that with good faith and international support it was certainly possible to defeat the oppressive forces. He shattered the remaining barriers by becoming the first black president of a democratic republic in South Africa. In this book, Yon McDonough and Malik have paid tribute to Nelson Mandela by portraying his life from boyhood to the cradle and beyond, in a moving tribute that introduces his “long freedom journey” to today’s generation. It is a journey that readers of all ages will enjoy taking with them.

Childhood : Nelson rolihlahla was born on 18 July 1918 in Mezego, South Africa. His father, the rolihlahla Mandelas family’s leader, was a great scholar and great leader of the Thembulan people. The Thembukbele people, whose ancestors had lived in Africa for many years, were black. But, although Africa was their country, they were dependent on the hearts of white immigrants. These white people, mainly from England and Germany, took over their land in the 1700s and began to dominate them. Once when an English judge ordered Muktkhay Hendri to appear before a judge in a case of a bull, he refused to go. According to him, the duty of a Thembu Muktkhay was to obey the orders of the Thembu officer and not any English officer. Due to his ignorance, Hendri had to resign from his Muktkhay post. Due to this he lost his land, his estate and his respectable position.

After this incident, the villagers started living in Kunuman, a nearby village where they lived with their relatives on a farm. Though Kunu was a very small place, Bumi liked it. Their house consisted of three small huts, the walls of which were made of clay bricks, and six were made of clay.

Although Hendery Mandel himself had never been to school, he was determined that his son should have that opportunity. When Budhi came home, he asked everyone to call him Nelson, a name given by the teacher that was his favourite. Since the school was managed by the English visitors, the students were taught that the British ways, which were superior to their religion, history, culture and world, were not taught to respect their own customs and culture. But Nelson still loved school. He was given new things to learn every day, and was given a

schedule and a schedule so he could write those things. In 1927, when Son Mandela was nine, his father died.

Nelson man was amazed to see its motorbike races, its elegant houses, its beautiful gardens, and its groves of fruit trees. Nelson started living with Sardar Joktaganini Badaldayebo, a relative of his father, who accepted him as his guardian. He quickly got used to his new life with little difficulty. Sardar’s children and Nelson went to school and the village together, and got along well. Nelson did well in school, but he later said that he did not lose his focus because of this, but he desperately wanted to succeed. Nelson also liked living in the big city because very important people, such as Sardar and Dalton, used to come to visit him and he had the opportunity to see them. From these people, Nelson learned a lot about the history of Africa and its great men. The things he heard from them stayed with him for a long time.

At the age of sixteen, Nelson had to enter the youth with his traditional customs. because the blacks of South Africa were living as slaves on their own land, and were deprived of their freedom and more tears.

His role in ending apartheid :

Adult life :Many years later Nelson wrote how deeply these words had made an impression on him at that young age. He said that at that time it was not possible for him to have any meaning in this field, but these words got embedded in his mind, and these tears formed his ideas about the world.

Nelson continued his education, first at the Kandy College, which was a teaching institution in the town of Tanzania, and also took time out for British missions to black people across Africa. In his final year at Forty-five he was elected to the student council.

But an unexpected change occurred when he moved to the big city in 1940 after a disagreement with the school principal. Although the British family was trying to make such centuries-old laws against the British, Nelson and Justice had other plans. Both of them fled from home and reached the small town of Johnston. Nelson’s dream was to become a lawyer. Along with joining the army of Siedlski, Nelson continued his studies.

As soon as Nelson Mandela’s name was heard by many, most white people were angry and afraid of him. They did not like Nelson’s actions at all. As long as the country was alive, black people were under his control, and everything in South Africa remained as before.

Arrested & Imprisoned :

Arrested & Improsioned : One day when Nelson was fast asleep, police entered his house, arrested him and took him to jail. Nelson went to jail many times for his anti-racism slogans and activities. But every time he got released. But finally in 1963 he was charged with organising vandalism, causing damage to temples and other government property, and violent demonstrations against the white government. These were very serious charges and if Nelson was found guilty, he could have been awarded the death penalty. Although Nelson and others were found guilty, they were not given the death penalty. Instead, he was given the punishment of life imprisonment.

Leadership lessons from Mandela : Even while in prison, Nelson Mandela continued to exert his influence on the country. The countless visitors who came to meet him were deeply impressed by his courage, determination and wisdom. They all started talking about him, and his name and struggle would be remembered not only in Africa but all over the world. Governments of many countries, political parties, national organizations, and the world began demanding his release. Many agreed to release him from prison only on their own terms. By now, the policy of apartheid had begun to be severely criticized at home and abroad. People in South Africa began protesting against it, and riots broke out there. Other countries imposed economic sanctions against South Africa, and banned the sale or purchase of any goods from there. The structure of apartheid was about to collapse. Finally, the South African government began to feel that they had no option other than to keep Nelson Mandela. The country’s then-president William D. Klerk urged President Nelson Mandela to resign in 1990.

Life History of Nelson Mandela :

18 July 1918 – Born in Mesoamerica

1919-1920 – Attendance at the provincial college

1927 – Arrival in Macau, “Mahan Nagar”
1934 – Participates in the ceremony othe Shore of the Nation
1938 – Enters the Fort Hare School of the Etah Municipality
1940 – Retires from Fort Hare
1941 – Arrives in Johor
1943 – Joins the African National Congress (ANC)
1944 – Participates in the founding of the war branch of the ANC; Ellen Mace is the son of the 19th century man who had three children
1953 – Joins forces with Otto Mbeki to form South Africa’s first black law office
1956 – Arrested along with 156 others on charges of treason
1957 – Acquaintance with Nelson Mandela for the murder of Ellen Mace
1958 – He is the son of the 19th century man who had two children
1960 – Punishment of the 19th century man who had two children
1963 – Charged with sedition and sabotage, sentenced to life imprisonment
1990 – Released from prison
1991 – Appointed President of the ANC and elected National President Appointment in
1993 – Nobel Peace Prize award along with President D. C. Clarke of South Africa
1994 – Nomination for the post of President of South Africa
1996 – Award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Tini and Nelson Mandela
1999 – Affiliation from British Columbia

Autobiography of Shivaji Maharaj | English Autobiography

February 10, 2025/1 Comment/in Historical & Political Figures/by rathodkethan1@gmail.com

Autobiography of Shivaji Maharaj : The Lion who build Hind Swaraj

Chatrapathy Shivaji Autobiography : Autobiography of Shivaji Maharaj… history wrote in golden letters in the history of India. Thats why hearing this name makes Hinduism tremble. So credit for saving Hinduism from the attacks of the Mughals goes to that Maratha warrior. Shivaji, trained under the care of his mother, Bairam Khan, made the Sultans of Bijapur and Golconda and the Mughals tremble with his war tactics and defense of Hindu culture and sovereignty against Mughal dominance.

He tied the bracelet to the protection of Hinduism with the teachings of his teacher Samardha Ramdas and mother Jijiabai. There are many incredible facts about Shivaji( founder of Maratha Empire on his own ). Many people think that Shivaji’s name is not derived from Shiva. But that is not true, devotees in one area even call Shiva as Shivaay.

Autobiography of Shivaji Maharaj - Hind Swaraj :

Autobiography of Shivaji Maharaj – Hind Swaraj : Although Shivaji opposed the Muslim invaders. He practiced secularism in his kingdom. He treated people of all religions equally. He respected Hinduism converter from other religions. Not only that, he gave his daughter in marriage to those convert to Hinduism. He fought against Muslim invaders to protect Hinduism and never opposed their religion.

Many of his friends were Mohammedans. Not only that, he gave many Muslims a suitable position in the military system. He helped the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb to defeat the Bijapur Sultans. He played a key role in the siege of Ahmednagar.

Shivaji’s approach of war tactics was also incomprehensible. He was able to increase the 2,000 soldiers inherited from his father to 10,000. Shivaji’s unparalleled talent is about military assets and unwavering war strategies. Apart from having a strong army and a surveillance system, he also used modern war tactics. The most important of these was the gorilla attack.

Shivaji took great care of his army and soldiers. He was reluctant to fight at the cost of their lives. In case of danger to their lives, the soldiers would be unexpectedly evacuated from there.

Important Battles :

Important battles : A strong navy gave the Marathas more strength. The reason for this was the Shivaji strong foundations made of . This was very useful in protecting them from foreign invasions. It is noteworthy that no other king had such ideas at that time.

Shivaji cleverly killed Afzal Khan. He was stronger and more cunning than him. Shivaji Maharaj, the legendary warrior king of Maharashtra, who sensed Afzal’s plan in advance. He put tiger claws on his hands and killed him.

Shivaji had immense respect for women. When he invaded other kingdoms, he did not allow any attacks on women. Shivaji Maharaj, a ruler known for his progressive views on women’s rights and protection, ensured that If anyone did this, he would be treated harshly.

Defence System :

Only skilled people were accepted as soldiers. He did not care about any recommendations in the army. They also refused to give personal weapons to the soldiers.

Shivaji Maharaj, the visionary leader of the Maratha Empire enforced regulations that weapons stolen in the course of invading other kingdoms must be accounted for and transferred to the arsenal. They also did not accept attacks on religious places and homes.

Battle of Pratapgarh :

Both Shivaji and Afzal Khan met on 10 November 1659 in a hut near the fort of Pratapgarh. Both of them made a condition that they both brought only one sword with them. Shivaji did not trust Afzal Khan and put armor on his clothes. He kept a tiger’s claw on his right arm and then went to meet Afzal Khan.

Afzal Khan attacked Shivaji, but he escaped because of his armor, and then Shivaji attacked Afzal Khan with his Tiger’s Claw. Afzal Khan was seriously injured and died. After this, Shivaji’s soldiers attacked Bijapur.

Treaty of Purandar :

Aurangzeb already knew about Shivaji, so he made his maternal uncle, Shaista Khan, the Subedar of South India. Shaista Khan reached Pune with his 150,000 soldiers and started plundering there. Shivaji attacked him with his 350 Mavals, then Khan ran away for his life and lost 3 of his fingers in this attack.

In this attack, Shivaji Maharaj killed Khan’s son and 40 of his soldiers. Khan took refuge with the Mughal army outside Pune. Khan embarrassed Aurangzeb, so he removed Khan from South India and made him Subedar of Bengal.

Avenge his defeat, Shaista Khan, along with his 15,000 soldiers, burned and ravaged many of King Shivaji’s territories. Later, Shivaji started plundering the Mughal territories to avenge this devastation, which was at that time a Surat gateway for Hindu Muslims.

Aurangazeb invitation to Shivaji :

After that, Shivaji ordered the loot merchants of Surat with 4000 soldiers. Notably, Shivaji did not make any common man a victim of his loot.

Subsequently, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji Maharaj to Agra. But he insulted and disrespected Shivaji. For this, he vented his anger on the court and then accused Aurangzeb of cheating. Therefore, Aurangzeb imprisoned him and surround guarded him with 500 soldiers.

Shivaji Maharaj escaped :

Shivaji escaped; consequently, Aurangzeb thought Jaisingh helped him. So Aurangzeb poisoned Jai Singh. Then Shivaji made a second treaty with the Mughals in 1668 that Jaswanth Singh initiated.

In the year 1670, again Shivaji looted the city of Surat for the second time. That time he took property worth 132 lakhs on his return. Therefore, he once again defeated the Mughal army in Surat.

Meanwhile, in 1674, Shivaji’s empire had expanded considerably. After the establishment of an independent Hindu nation in western Maharashtra.Then he wanted to crown himself, but Brahmins strongly opposed him.

Title as Chatrapathi :

Shivaji was not a Kshatriya. So, “he will crown only after needing proof of Kshatriya.” Further peshwa Balaji Rao ji sent proof of Shivaji’s relationship with the Sisodia clan of Mewar. Subsequently satisfied, he came to Raigad and got king crown.

Even after the coronation, the Brahmins of Pune refused to accept Shivaji as their king. After this, Shivaji established Ashtapradhan Mandal. Subsequently, he invited ambassadors, representatives of various states, and foreign traders to this function. Around 5000 people from Raigad gathered at this function. Therefore, Chatrapati is the title given to him in this function.

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